The Brazilian Family - 2091 Words

Introduction The Brazilian family is a distinctive culture with a strong focus on values and family structure. In this paper we will discuss the geographical setting, birthing practices, the family structure and family functions and mate selection and marriage Practices of the Brazilian family. In addition, the paper will also emphasize the Brazilian families strengths. Geographical Setting Brazil is located in South America. It comprises half the area of South America and has a total surface area of 3,287,612 square miles. Brazil borders with all other South American countries except Chile and Ecuador. Brazil is as large as the United States but with an extra Texas thrown in it. Brazil has no great lakes, but it does have the Amazon, which is the largest river in the world in the volume of water and are drained (Hunnicutt, 1949). Brazil has five marked ecosystems, which include the tropical rainforest, the Pantanal (tropical wetland), the Cerrado (tropical savannah), Mata Atlantica (Atlantic forest) and the pampas (Fertile plains). Brazil also has a large number of mountains that range from 6,000 to 9,000 feet above sea level. None of these mountains are covered in snow, although snow occasionally falls on certain parts of Brazil. Most rivers have their origins in mountain ranges and that is why mountains are important in the life of Brazil (Hunnicutt, 1949). Mountains also determine the climate of a country. Brazil has three distinct climates, which are theShow MoreRelatedPersonal Note On Brazilian Culture Family952 Words   |  4 Pageshave mentioned in previously assignements, questions like this are always tricky to answer to me, especially when involves family and country culture, since I feel like I have to describe then and now, I guess I could call it bicultural. Let me break it down into how it s generally expected and then how I actually emphasize it to myself: 1 - Family: In Brazilian culture family is the center of life for most, you are always close everyone is one everyone s business, some single people stay with theirRead MoreThe Career Life Balance And Family Life1277 Words   |  6 Pagescareer-life balance and family life in Brazil has changed dramatically in the later half of the 20th century, primarily due to globalization, rapid urbanization, and Brazil’s transition into democracy. These drastic changes have caused Brazilians to make alternations their traditional lifestyle, including their family structure, home-life, work-life, and values to become more similar to the westernized world. Alterations to the family structure will likely continue as more Brazilians enter the job marketRead MoreThe Brazilian Culture Of Brazil Essay1683 Words   |  7 PagesMuch like the U.S., Brazilian culture is extremely diverse. Brazil’s current population of 190 million represents various nationalities from European to African ( Country Facts). Brazil has an extremely diverse culture with some common pervasive threads that grouped together give Brazil a national identity. The concept of aesthetics describes what people of certain cultures tend to consider to be popular or in good taste (Wild Wild, 2014). To this extent, despite being mostly unified by a singleRead MoreBrazil : The United States1506 Words   |  7 Pagesmillion Brazilians where living outside of their country. Many of these immigrants got offered jobs in the hospitality and service industries in southern Florida, California and northeastern metropolitan areas. Brazilians that are considered upper and middle classes in their native country came primarily from the Europeanized southern areas of Brazil. A group Sephardic Jews who arrived in 1654 was considered to the first Brazilians to enter the United States. Calculating the number of Brazilians thatRead MoreImmigrants During The 19th Century1267 Words   |  6 Pagesplanters reluctantly employed Afro-Brazilians. Although resentment and prejudice existed, â€Å"images of black laziness and incompetence that once served to justify planters’ and industrialists’ unwillingness to hire libertos and other Afro-Brazilians† also lost relevance because such images no longer had excluding power (Andrews 236). Although such ideologies fell from public view for most of the rest of the 20th century, it â€Å"remained alive and active in the Brazilian consciousness† which is well exploitedRead MoreThe Nation of Brazil Essay1700 Words   |  7 Pagesiron ore, gold, oil, coffee, peanuts and timber. Brazil is identified with diversity and culture. The Brazilian people are classified as mestizos, descendants of Portugu ese sailors and Native American and mulattoes, which are descendants of Portuguese and African slaves. The nation is also known for its beautiful tourist cities such Rio de Janiero, Amazon River and forest, the samba, and Brazilian nuts. Brazil is mainly recognized all around the globe for its football team, which has won the mostRead MoreCultural Differences Between Brazil And Brazil Essay950 Words   |  4 Pages(Brazil, n.d.). Cultural Variations The Brazilian have a class system, where discrimination of skin color occurs daily. Those with darker skin are typically disadvantaged. Class is also determined by economic status. Those in the middle and upper classes often have little to no contact with the lower classes. The richest 10% of Brazilians have access to over 40% of the country’s income.Women also have lower paid jobs. Women make up about 40% of the Brazilian workforce (Central Intelligence AgencyRead MoreCristiano Ronaldo Compared to the Brazilian Ronaldo1062 Words   |  4 PagesCristiano Ronaldo I chose to do this project on Cristiano Ronaldo and do a comparison on him against the Brazilian Ronaldo because I am a huge soccer fan in general and I would have a lot of information about Ronaldo and he is my favourite soccer player and is the best player in the world at present. Also I choose to do this project on him because I admire him as a professional how he looks after himself on and off the pitch. This essay examines A, B and C. Section A analysis Charity Work, EventsRead MoreCultural Awareness Of Brazil, Unity Among Chaos. Introduction.1579 Words   |  7 Pages(Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs, 2017). Brazilians take immense pride in their families, which are normally quite large. Extended families normally live with each other or as close to one another as possible. Family and national pride come in their love of the national sport, Fà ºtbol, which is known in America as soccer. Brazil’s national pride was very apparent during their hosting of the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympic Games. The Brazilians tend to be very particular in who they inviteRead MoreThe Country Of Brazil And The City Of Rio De Janeiro1219 Words   |  5 Pages(the slums of Brazil), close to 25 percent and all of these people are currently living below the poverty line. There are many causes of poverty, but there are also many solutions and current initiatives that are currently being implemented by the Brazilian government. While Brazil is an extremely diverse country, the poverty line also happens to mainly be a segregation between races. The poor are marginalized in the city, with their dangerous and less than ideal living conditions and rising living

Supply Chain Management (Case Study Sainsburys Supply...

Supply Chain Management (ENGM078) Sainsbury’s Supply Chain Strategies Arghavan Keivani 6150405 March 2011 A brief introduction to Sainsbury’s and its background J Sainsbury plc (Sainsbury’s) was founded in 1869 and is considered as a top UK-based food retailer having around 150,000 employees. It drives a chain consist of 500 supermarkets and 290 smaller format stores through the country which offer groceries, electricals, clothing, homewares, DVD rentals and financial services. There is an Online-channel making customers able to shop online, which is nearly 3% of the grocers sales. [1] By having almost 150,000 employees in the United Kingdom, Sainsbury’s is providing customer-facing team, having members in 785 stores backed†¦show more content†¦Sainsbury’s once had six channels from supplier to Regional Distribution Centre. Now there are more than thirty including the Primary Consolidation Centres, and cross docking. As time goes by, managing the information flow through the Supply Chain was the responsibility of the Logistics teams. And, the physica l storage and delivery of products was Distribution’s responsibility. But, nowadays, these two parts are working as a one-part in order to attain shared objectives and make the Supply Chain a truly flawless flow of information and products. In order to make a balance between efficiency as the low cost product, and responsiveness as the availability of the product over all year long, company is required some specific strategies. For example, by having the same suppliers and not to change them, company would make sure that some specific products are always available to the customer. By this way, customer is sure that he can always find his specific product and would be stay loyal to the company. It means that company is keeping its customer and it is different from making new customers, for example by providing a good quality product and making the customer to advice other people (making new customers). Another strategy which Sainsbury’s is using is providing its own product by the name of theShow MoreRelated How Sainsburys Has Used Performance Management to Increase their Quality of Service4162 Words   |  17 PagesSainsburys Has Used Performance Management to Increase their Quality of Service   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This report will show how Sainsburys have used performance management to increase their ability to provide a quality service and gain a competitive advantage, it will also show how systems have been implemented to achieve this and what Sainsburys have changed in recent years to achieve the competitive advantage it was looking for, The main area Sainsburys have changed is there Supply chain which had a cost gap of aroundRead MoreSainsbury Operations2405 Words   |  10 Pagesoperations of SAINSBURY’S , the third largest supermarket chain across United Kingdom. SAINSBURY’S , in spite of being the longest standing retail chain has been facing stiff competition from rivals like TESCO , MORRISONS. The competitors seemed to have developed at a faster pace since SAINSBURY’S has been through a difficult time in recent years and TESCO is now twice the size in terms of turnover. Matter of analysis in terms of SAINSBURY’s supermarket is the operational strategies that have beenRead MoreBusiness Strategy: Sainsbury’s7299 Words   |  30 PagesBusiness Strategy Name Institution Abstract This paper critically analyses the past and the current market trend, operations, and marketing strategies of Sainsbury’s Company. Different models of analysis were employed to clearly understand the current and previous state of Sainsbury’s. Some of these models include SWOT analysis, PEST analysis, CORE analysis, Porter’s Five Forces model, Key Success Factors, and Ansoff’s Matrix These models help in understanding all aspects that play a role forRead MoreNectar: Making Loyalty Pay Case Study Essay1802 Words   |  8 PagesNectar: Making Loyalty Pay Case Study Background and Problem Definition Sainsbury’s is a medium-sized UK supermarket and gas station chain. It is also the largest participant of Nectar, UK’s most extensive rewards program. When Justin King took over as Sainsbury’s CEO in 2004, he was faced with the decision of whether Sainsbury’s participation in the Nectar loyalty program was worth its annual $120,000,000+ budget. King came over from ASDA, Sainsbury’s lower-cost competitor, where there wasRead MoreJ Sainsbury - Financial Performance of Last 5 Years Essay2955 Words   |  12 PagesThe study is primarily to do financial assessment of this company and its performance relative to its peers and industry. Seeing the last 5 years report, it is evident that company was in a bad share 3 years ago, and now its in the stage of recovery. Starting 2004, there has been a major change in the board, as well as management. Since then company has taken several large and aggressive approach. This can be summarised as renovating/ ex-panding retail space, re-engineering of supply chain, andRead MoreHow to Reduce Carbon Emissions to Comply with New UK Law Essay examples2841 Words   |  12 Pagesindustrial sectors to rethink and rework their strategies of utilising energy, transport and land in an efficient manner, which in turn has lead to innovative and at the same time simple yet effective methods to reduce carbon emissions. The purpose of this report is to explain in brief to the Senior Management of a hypothetical supply chain company on how carbon emissions are being reduced. This report is structured in way to cover all areas of logistics management from sourcing of raw materials from suppliersRead MoreSainsbury3140 Words   |  13 PagesAnalyse’ and ‘evaluate’ the business strategy that J Sainsbury Ltd. has pursued using either Bowman’s strategic clock or Porter’s Generic Strategies framework. Submission Date : 28th April 2012 Word Count : 1841 Introduction Strategy is defined as how an organization and individual achieves its goals. The marketing strategies are altered as well as renewed in companies in the effort to survive and also prosper in an increasing demanding and complex businessRead MoreTesco and Its Strategic Marketing Strategies Essay3591 Words   |  15 PagesSummary This report examines the marketing strategies of Tesco, the market leader in the retail grocery industry in the UK. Analysis has shown that in this oligopolistic market, Tesco is following different marketing strategies to remain market leader. Tesco has been doing extremely well in focusing on different marketing strategies by constantly sticking to its principles â€Å"very little helps†. Subsequently the report highlights the different marketing strategies adopted by Tesco, specifically marketRead MoreTescos operations stategy3288 Words   |  14 PagesExecutive Summary Operations Management plays a key role in achieving the main performance objectives of Tesco. Whether the current operation objective is to improve customer service or to increase profitability, the way in which Tesco utilises its resources will have a significant impact. As a consequence, there have been a number of innovative developments in Operations Management that have sought to make use of Tesco resources in a significantly new manner in order to make a big step change inRead MoreCase Study on Marks and Spencer2966 Words   |  12 Pagesproducts from apparels to foods, Marks and Spencer has proven itself as a leading retailer not only in the UK market but also in foreign markets as well. Based on a case study done by Collier (2004), it provides a few descriptions on the core of the company. Marks and Spencer is described as a company that adheres to top-down management approach compounded by the close supervision provided by its former CEO. This approach has proven successful for them for decades, however in the 1990’s a steady decline

British Imperialism in South East Asia Free Essays

For along period, up to the late 20th century, many of the European nations had vast interest in many of the Asian and African countries. This made them to colonize these countries so as to get whatever they wanted. Almost all of the African and Asian countries became colonies of the western countries. We will write a custom essay sample on British Imperialism in South East Asia or any similar topic only for you Order Now The more a country was perceived to have got many resources, the higher the scramble for that country was. Britain is one of the countries that had majority colonies in both the African and the Asian continent. India happened to be just one of these colonies. The colonists come along with their way of doing things thus impacting on the natives’ way of handling the same issues. In essence, most of the colonies wanted to see that they changed their colonies to behave in the manner that will be beneficial to them. In India, the British’s interest was experienced during the decline time of Mughal Empire (http://www. indianchild. com/history_of_india. htm para 8). It all started as mere commercial activities between the two nations. There was a breakup in the rule of the Mughal Empire which resulted to the rising of dispute among the princess. This was a great advantage to the British as they did step in to settle the dispute. In the process, the British Empire started gaining much influence (Martin, pp 213). During the first global war that was fought in Europe and North America for seven years, it saw the British and the French come into a big fight in which the British won. Many of the Indians were recruited in the well paying British army. In the end, it emerged that India became the key source for Britain’s raw material and a market for finished goods (Siegel Kennedy pp 98). British Colonialism in India When the British entered the Indian colony, they formed a society that was stratified having the Britons occupying the highest position in the society. In the Indian schools, it emerged that the language of communication was now English. Many scholars of the British rule in India have noted that despite the heavy presence of the Britons in India, their presence was insignificant. The British used the tactic of divide and rule very well, and more importantly the psychological indoctrination of the Indians who had undergone through the education system of the British. These were the people who became the model British subject. the British used the English-educated Indians to absorb values about what they wanted , and this played a significant role in helping the Britons loot most of what they wanted from India, in terms of physical wealth and labor (http://india_resource. tripod. com/britishedu. htm para 1). According to the Britons plan, they wanted to have a person who was Indian in blood and color, but with an English taste, language and intellect. It meant therefore that the Britons had to decide on what the Indians were going to learn in schools and the mode of learning. For the British to succeed in its mission, they did set the learned Indians against their fellows by proclaiming that they were following a very bad tradition, and it was only the British’s tradition that was good. These intellects were used to stress the negative impact of the Indians tradition. The Indians were made to believe that they were conservative people who lacked national concept or history. On the other hand, the British were considered as modern and scientific oriented. â€Å"With their unique organizational skills and energetic zeal, they would raise India from the morass of casteism and religious bigotry. These and other such ideas were repeatedly filled in the minds of the young Indians who received instruction in the British schools,†(http://india_resource. tripod. com/britishedu. htm para 4). There was need to facilitate transport and communication between the colony and the colonials. Hence the colonials constructed the railway line to facilitate transportation of the troops, raw materials and finished goods. There was as well telegraph lines to ease communication. However, the Britons did not take any step to see that the Indians learnt the new technology (Webster pp 186). The Indian soldiers rebelled against the British in 1857 causing the British to tighten its rule against India (Martin, pp 213). the rebellion of the soldiers occurred when the British empire introduced new cartridges that required the soldiers to tear them apart using their teeth. The cartridges were lubricated using animal fat, and this offended especially the Muslims whom their religion did not allow them to use pork or its products, while the Hindus were against the use of cattle fat for greasing. The rebellion was put down in 1858, but already several of the Britons had been killed; males, females and children. There were establishment of schools and universities by the Americans and the Britons in India that provided an education system that advocated for a strong nationalist sentiment. â€Å"In 1885, they founded the Indian National Congress, which promoted a greater role for Indians in their country’s government. The new organization also sought harmony among Indians of diverse religion and social groups†, (Martin pp 213). There are many other influences in the Indian cultures that can be directly linked to the British rule in India. For instance, the Indians were not known for using surnames. However, with the coming and the ruling of the Britons, the Indians adopted the use of surnames. As Kolhatkar argues, â€Å"Surnames were not in use in India in ancient times and almost till the end of the first millennium CE. Thousands of names are known from Sanskrit/Prakrit texts, rock-cut inscriptions, copper plates, coins etc. They are almost always single names†, (para 3). However, it is now an occasion that in India, you come across the name of the child alongside that of the parent. The use of the surname became as a mark of respect for the parent. It is because of the British rule that the use of the surname became advent. It could be argued that these was because of the fact that the Britons wanted to make the work of administration much easier by having a system that was â€Å"more clarity in identifying individuals and the facility of documentation and reading created by the widening use of the printing press. Thus came into being the current method of the individual’s name, father’s name and the surname,†(Kolhatkar para 6). Therefore, looking at the influence Britain had in India, it can be concluded that it is true to note that these influences spilled all over the world especially the other Britain’s colonies. The use of surname, the British system of education, trade and language are all over the world. Reference: Kolhatkar, A. Indian surnames and the British influence, 29 Jul 2004, Retrieved on 13th May 2008 from http://archiver. rootsweb. ancestry. com/th/read/INDIA/2004-07/1091137759 Martin, P. Five Steps To A 5, ISBN: 0071437142; McGraw-Hill Professional, 2004 History of India, 2004, Retrieved on 13th May 2008 http://www. indianchild. com/history_of_india. htm Siegel J Kennedy P. Endgame: Britain, Russia and the Final Struggle for Central Asia, ISBN: 1850433712; I. B. Tauris, 2002 SOUTH ASIAN HISTORY; History of British Rule and Colonization in India, 2001 Retrieved on 13th May 2008 from http://india_resource. tripod. com/britishedu. htm Webster A. Gentlemen Capitalists: British Imperialism in South East Asia, 1770-1890, ISBN: 1860641717; I. B. Tauris, 1998 How to cite British Imperialism in South East Asia, Papers

First Aid free essay sample

Autumn Price Assessing Risk In Sport Operating Procedures and Good Practices First Aid All companies and businesses will have people who are trained in first aid. First aid is in place to ensure that there is somebody there to deal with emergencies. If first aid cannot be administrated on the premises, it means that it should be moved to the hospital. It is important to have staff that are trained in first aid. There are courses available that people can take where they will learn how to, provide information to a more qualified person, prevent conditions worsening, promote recovery and most importantly preserve life. For example in Honeywell Sports centre, all members of the sporting staff are trained in first aid, this is to make sure that if anything does occur there will always be somebody there who can deal with it, as sports facilities are at a high risk for injuries and accidents. We will write a custom essay sample on First Aid or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is important that there are people who are trained, if they didn’t it could lead to legal action. This could be undertaken if there are no members of staff who are trained, or if somebody who isn’t qualified tries to deal with the situation. It is also important that there are first aid kits available, which have been checked so that they are always in date and always have the correct equipment in. Staff Training Legalisation, regulations and codes of practice are always changing; therefore it is important to have training so that the employees and the safety representatives are up to date. Regular training will ensure that the representatives always no exactly the best way and the up to date way to deal with situations. Staff training involves sending staff on appropriate seminars, courses and conferences. Internal training could also be put in place for duties specific to the particular job. Relating back to first aid, it is important for the first aid representative to be up to date and know exactly what they are doing. ‘The Health and Safety (First-Aid) Regulations (1981) require that, in order to provide first aid to their employees who are injured or become ill at work, employers must have adequate and appropriate equipment, facilities and personnel. Barker, Ray; Gledhill, Adam; Lydon, Chris. BTEC National Sport Book 1 (2nd Edition). Harlow, Essex, GBR: Pearson Education Limited, 2007. p lxxxiv. http://site. ebrary. com/lib/barnsleycoll/Doc? id=10300498ppg=84 Copyright  © 2007. Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved. This shows that it is important for all employees to have representatives that have had regular training to prevent any legal action been taken. For example in the Honeywell Sports Centre all of the sport staff will have regular training to ensure that they know exactly what to do if a problem occurs. Risk Assessments Risk assessments are undertaken to try and avoid as many accidents and injuries as possible. There are a set of principles outlined in The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations which state different ways in how to decide which action is best taken to reduce risks in the work place. The following are some of the principles; Avoid risk all together if possible. This is the most important principle in good health and safety management. However this is sometimes hard to follow, in some cases you have no way of avoiding them all together and therefore there needs to be principles for those outcomes too. Try to deal with the risk as soon as possible. For example if the floor in one of the changing rooms was slippery, it should be dried immediately. This would be a better way of dealing with it, rather than just putting up a wet floor sign as it removes the risk all together. If a sign was just put up the risk is still there and somebody could still slip if they do not see the sig for example. Communication is vital. All staff should know exactly what they need to do and were they need to be in the event of an incident. Communication is essential for the successful implementation of health and safety measures. If people do not know what to do, it will affect the efficiency. Staff won’t know what they are doing and could therefore make the problem even worse. Safety Procedures and Protocols Established to Maintain a Safe Environment It is important when beginning to establish safety procedures and protocols that a written commitment is produced. The commitment should state that they are providing a safe and inviting sports environment. To ensure that people are aware of this, copies of the policy should be distributed widely and throughout the organisation. This ensures that all of the staff and people who use the sports facility know all the information about the protocols. It is impossible to eradicate all dangerous situations, but it is important that everybody knows how to deal with them, if they ever occur. If problems arise, people should know how to respond immediately. Governing Body Guidelines The governing bodies of sport are in charge of providing guidelines that will provide help and support for sport leaders, coaches and teachers (such as the ones in Honeywell Sports Centre). They mostly set out a code of conduct for the coaches that inform them of everything they will need to be a safe coach, who is aware of their responsibilities. All teachers and coaches at Honeywell will have been given a code of conduct so they know what they should or shouldn’t be teaching them and how to teach it to them. For example in a code of conduct for coaches, it states that coaches must always promote the positive aspects of the sport, like fair play. If the coaches didn’t teach things like this, the players could get into trouble for not participating and acting in the correct manner. Equipment Manufacturers’ Guidelines There are many items of sports equipment that need to be assembled, such as goal posts and basketball nets. These items of equipment need to be put up properly as it could lead to injury. If the posts were to fall down they could land on people and cause them injury. Each set of equipment, when purchased will have instructions on how to assemble it and guidelines on how it should be used; they should all come with the EU approval mark. There should also be instructions and guidelines on smaller pieces of equipment, like footballs. Hey will state information like inflation pressure suggestions and instructions on how to insert the needle to inflate the ball. Again these all prevent injury, if these guidelines aren’t followed the ball could pop, or be too hard. When to Consult With Others At some point, no matter how experienced the person is, everybody needs help and guidance on how to improve. Everybody continues to learn about how to improve the performance, enjoyment and safety of their sports environment and the participants. There are people put in place who have knowledge about these specific areas and it is important for staff to know how to obtain this support. The best time to consult somebody is before undertaking the activity and when you have time to sit down and talk about it properly. For example, if one of the members of staff at Honeywell had to undertake a risk assessment, they could seek guidance from the line manager or HSE. If they didn’t seek guidance, it could result in completing the risk assessment wrong. They could miss something out and this could put the participants in danger. Governing bodies of specific sports also provide support. It is especially important to seek guidance on the topic of local requirements, as they can differ from region to region. Checking with local authorities will ensure that the right precautions are being undertaken.

A Very American Revolution Essay Research Paper free essay sample

A Very American Revolution Essay, Research Paper The American Revolution The American Revolution, the struggle by which the American settlers won their independency from Great Britain and created the United States of America, was an turbulence of profound significance in universe history. It occurred in the 2nd half of the eighteenth century, in an # 8220 ; Age of Democratic Revolution, # 8221 ; when philosophers and political theoreticians in Europe were critically analyzing the establishments of their ain societies and the impressions that lay behind them. Yet the American Revolution foremost put to the trial thoughts and theories that had seldom if of all time been worked out in pattern in the Old World # 8211 ; separation of church and province, sovereignty of the people, written fundamental laws, and effectual cheques and balances in authorities The American Revolution as we know it was non a conventional revolution. There was no alteration in societal hierarchy as in Russia when the Czar was overthrown, or aggregate violent deaths of the nobility as in France s revolution. We will write a custom essay sample on A Very American Revolution Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Given, there were the occasional rabble torching of a affluent Tory s place, but on the whole, it was really small like any other revolution in old history. In this manner, the American Revolution was alone unto itself. It was absolutely different than the conventional revolution. It could about be called an rational rebellion. The fact that The true revolution lies in the Black Marias and heads of all Americans. ( John Adams ) is the key to understanding why the American Revolution may non needfully look to be a revolution in footings of guns and decease, but in footings of enlightenment, and the thirst for freedom, there has been no more ardent war fought. One such illustration of devotedness to the American cause is that of Long Bill Scott. Looking over his achievements, one can non assist but see the gallantry, and the forfeit that this one adult male made for his state. He leaves his kids and married woman in order to put on the line his life in a war that would protect, and farther the ideals that he held beloved, those of life, autonomy, and the chase of felicity. This ardor may look confined to the really extremist revolutionists, but upon looking at the child-rearing patterns of the clip, one can see that qi ldren were engrained with American political orientation at a really immature age by their female parent in a procedure called republican maternity. Witness John Adam s brother ; at the age of eight sneak out of the house and March with radical soldiers. This is non simply immature energy, it is the passionate devotedness to further those principles that were taught to him by his female parent. Another of import issue that influenced, and was changed in the class of the Revolution was that of the common adult male. Under England s Torahs, the poorer, lower societal category was for the most portion repressed by the affluent upper category. Affluent landholders controlled much power, while helot or people populating on the land were forced to accept the upper categories regulations. This was changed during the Revolution. The poorer category were no longer forced to postpone to the upper category for political leading ; they wanted to govern themselves. And they did, get rid ofing with kingly-appointed governors, and replacing them with elected functionaries from their ain province. The whole construct of democracy spread like wildfire and shortly all of the provinces were in a capitalist craze. Even such issues as adult females s rights and instruction were toyed with during and after the revolution, something that had neer been attempted before. Work force and adult females began to see each other as more equal, and therefore, more American. Bondage was besides briefly repealed in some provinces. While this did non last, it is a good illustration of the spirit of the revolution, an unprecedented explosion of human rights, autonomy, and chase of felicity. But more key was the construct of the authorities. The American government system can be called a mix-and-match of many authoritiess through clip, including Greek, Roman, and English. Americans introduced the thoughts of cheques and balances tailored to suit a turning state, and formed a written fundamental law that spelled out the power, and the restrictions of the regnant authorities. Indeed, the American Revolution was non merely alone, but extraordinary. It was a battle for freedom, a war fought in order that people may develop on their ain. The Revolution was earth-shaking, and it laid the footing for many other turbulences throughout history, and radically changed America everlastingly.

Disjunctive reaction time as it relates to complexity level essays

Disjunctive reaction time as it relates to complexity level essays The reaction time for subject with increase complexity is the focus of this study. The ten respondents were randomly selected on the campus of University Wisconsin at Milwaukee. Ten subjects reaction time was evaluated with a computer simulation program using one, two, or four choice trails, which lasted forty to sixty minutes. The data were analyzed using t test and ANOVA. The t test showed no significance as far as practice effects were concerned, but inferences can be made. Also the ANOVA showed a significant difference with reaction time as it relates to complexity. I found that as the level of complexity increase so does the reaction time. Disjunctive Reaction Time Measure as it relates to Complexity of Task This study was conducted to prove that reaction time increases as the level of complexity increases. Disjunctive reaction time was measured to eliminate subject reacting too early to the stimulus. Also make the tack more complicated and for subject to uses discrimination before responding to stimulus. Postman and Egan (1949) defines disjunctive reaction time as two or more different stimuli are presented in random order...the subject is instructed to react to one but not to the other stimuli(p 240). Rikli and Busch (1986) defined reaction time as the latency from the onset of the visual stimulus to the depression of the microswitch(p 646). Although a joystick was used to respond to the visual stimulus the same principle applies. For the purposes of this study both definition of reaction time were incorporated to facilitate proper measurement. Baron and Journey (1989) tried to prove that with increase age so did the reaction time. Also within the study they also found that as the level of complexity increased so did the reaction time for the young group 18 to 26 and the old group 62 to 75. For their study the stimulus was a pair of asterisks presented in a square, where one the four ...

Studio Workroom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Studio Workroom - Essay Example On the upper most part of the shelves are silverwares which may be a collection of artworks. Otherwise, they would also be some of the modern works made in the workroom by the artists making their masterpieces using metals as their basic materials. The different artworks displayed on the shelves, whether they were bought for display or have been made there, give an inspiring attitude to viewers. One cannot help but appreciate the workroom, seeing evidences of the time spent by the artists who have put their effort in working there. The workroom is perhaps not just used as a place for doing artwork but is also designed to be a comfortable place to read. The books are probably not just there for display but serve their purposes for the users of the room. Since it is an artist’s workroom, it is assumed that the books are about arts. The presence of a typewriter also makes a viewer assume that writing is also done in the workroom. It perhaps tells something about the setting of the photo or the age of the artist as well. The photograph may have been taken at an earlier time, when computers were still not largely used or the artist using it may just have been used to using an old-fashioned machine. One of the obvious fascinating things about the workroom is the number of lights hanging over the table. This speaks of the dedication of the artist is putting in the job. it is concluded from this that the artist probably spends a lot of time in the room, sometimes not noticing the time anymore. Therefore, a lot of lights have to be placed in the room to really make it bright and give a well-lighted workplace for the artist. Aside from the obviously advantageous things inside the room, there is also something that first attracts the attention of viewers at first glance. The ropes hanging in the middle of the room, tied to the beams, look quite unusual. Since there are no telling signs of their use, a non-artist could not stop wondering what the ropes are for.

Should General Electric Appliances Customer Relations use Total Research Paper

Should General Electric Appliances Customer Relations use Total Quality Management Instead of Six Sigma Management - Research Paper Example This definition implies that TQM focuses on continuous improvement by involving people at all levels and looks at all processes at organizational level. It does not focus on just one part of the organization but the entire organization as a whole. It involves integrating the technical systems of an organization with the social systems (Barnes and Pike, 1996). The idea is to achieve total customer, employee and stake holder satisfaction. It follows various principals for leading an organization to ensure continuous improvement. These include Involving employees at all level - This is because a TQM effort cannot be successful if it is propagated from the leadership team without the employees at executive level understanding its implications and working towards executing it. Focus on customer satisfaction Ownership at the lowest levels – Employees at the lowest levels need to take ownership of the TQM initiatives and work as self managed teams (Charantimath, 2003). Team work â₠¬â€œ Success of TQM initiative depends on how well the various teams can coordinate and collaborate with each other as well as within themselves. Competitive benchmarking helps in continuous improvement. Thus, it is vital for a company to measure itself against the best performers of the industry in which it is operating. Company culture is an important element of TQM. Hence, the culture should be developed to instill the quality way of working in all employees (Murray, n. d). TQM uses various tools and models to achieve continuous improvement. Some of the quality improvement tools it uses are – check-sheets, histograms, Pareto charts, Control charts, scatter diagrams, process capability studies and so on (Charantimath, 2003). All these tools help the managers to find opportunities for improvement. Some of these tools are also used to monitor the performance of the process on a continuous basis so that any deviations from expected levels are detected and sorted at the earlies t. Such monitoring also helps managers to analyze the performance and find ways of improvement. Six Sigma Six Sigma approach came far later than the TQM concept. In fact, Six Sigma is an outcome of TQM but its focus area is slightly different. It focuses mainly of defect reduction by reducing variation within a process (Shiba and Walden, 2001). Any reduction in variation of a production or service related process leads to standardized output which means reduction in errors or defects. It provides project focus for people to work on. For this, it uses the DMAIC (Define-Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control) approach to work on a task in a structured way. These are the various stages of a project and help the project leader and other stake holders focus on all aspects of a process which are relevant at the particular stage of a project. Six Sigma provides explicit tools for every stage of the project. Some of the tools are – histograms, fishbone diagrams, paretos, run charts, process control charts and so on. All these tools help the project team in analysis of the data at various stages of the project. Six Sigma verses TQM Just like TQM Six Sigma uses various tools to analyze process performance. It also requires top leadership support for successful implementation just like TQM. A cultural change is required to be brought about within the organization for both the approaches to work. Many of the tools used by

Capital Projects and Strategic Direction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Capital Projects and Strategic Direction - Essay Example (Bender & Ward, 2002) A typical process to evaluate a project involves assessing its net present value by discounting the future cash flows of a firm with appropriate discount rate and deducting the resulting amount from the total capital outlay spent on the project. If the net present value of the project is positive it adds value to the firm and if it is negative, it could not add value to the firm. The value addition proposition of the capital projects is therefore their net present value. If the net present value is positive, it adds value to the firm and the shareholders. Positive NPV of the project therefore is considered as the key criteria for adding value to the firm. If NPV of the capital project is negative, it is assumed that it will not add value to the firm and hence could not maximize the value of the firm or the value for the shareholders. Major capital projects with positive NPV help the organization’s stock prices to increase by such projects give a signal to the investors that the firm is adding more capacity to it and expanding its markets. Expansion through new capital projects therefore also allow the firms to increase the future cash flow generation of the firm and hence increase their share prices also.

Colonialism in Ireland and Australia

Colonialism in Ireland and Australia A CRITICAL COMPARISON OF THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHIES OF COLONIALISM IN IRELAND AND AUSTRALIA Table of Contents (Jump to) Introduction Background Historical Geography Colonialism Post-Colonialism and Said’s ‘Orientalism’ Similarities between Australia and Ireland Differences between Australia and Ireland The notion of ‘discovery’ Conclusion Works Cited Introduction This essay will compare the historical geographies of colonialism in Ireland and Australia. First, it defines what we mean by ‘historical geography’ as this is fundamental to how this analysis will be made. Second, it discusses what we mean by colonization and why it plays such a central role in historical geography. Third, it discusses the work of Edward Said, and in particular Orientalism. It compares and contrasts the colonial experiences of Australia and Ireland within this context. Fourth, it explores the notions of ‘exploration’ and ‘conquering’ using early maps of Australia and Ireland. Ireland and Australia are both post-colonial nations and there is a multitude of similarities in their historical geographies. Yet Ireland and Australia were fundamentally different places in the pre-colonialism era and remain so in the era of post-colonialism. This essay will compare and contrast the similarities and differences of their colonial histories. Background Historical Geography For the purposes of this essay, ‘historical geography’ is defined as a division of geography that concerns itself with â€Å"how cultural features of the multifarious societies across the planet evolved and came into being† (Wikipedia, 2006b). The discipline has traditionally considered the â€Å"spatial- and place- focused orientation of geography, contrasting and combining the spatial interests of geography with the temporal interests of history, creating a field concerned with changing spatial patterns and landscapes† (Guelke, 1997: 191). As Donald Meinig, one of the most influential American historical geographers once stated: â€Å"I have long insisted that by their very nature geography and history are analogous and interdependent fields† (1989: 79). Colonialism Any discussion of colonialism also requires a definition of what we mean by the term. Colonialism is one of the most important features of ‘modern’ history and, some might argue, the undertaking that led to the birth of ‘geography’ in the first place. To define colonialism we must first define two other key terms in history: empire and imperialism. The historian Michael Doyle defines empire as â€Å"a relationship, formal or informal, in which one state controls the effective political sovereignty of another political society. It can be achieved by force, by political collaboration, economic, social, or cultural dependence† (in Said, 1993). Imperialism is broadly the practice, the theory and the way of thinking of a dominating centre that controls a far-off land (Said, 1993); as Doyle states, â€Å"imperialism is simply the process or policy of establishing or maintaining empire† (in Said, 1993). Within this context, colonialism can be defined as the â€Å"implanting of settlements on distant territory† and is virtually always a result of imperialism (Said, 1993). To analyse and contrast colonial experience, as well as to understand why colonialism figures so prominently in the discourse of historical geography, one must try to understand the sheer scale of colonial expansion. As Said (1993: 1) explains: Western power allowed the imperial and metropolitan centres at the end of the nineteenth century to acquire and accumulate territory and subjects on a truly astonishing scale. Consider that in 1800, Western powers claimed fifty-five percent, but actually held approximately thirty-five percent, of the earth’s surface. But by 1878, the percentage was sixty-seven percent of the world held by Western powers, which is a rate of increase of 83,000 square miles per year. By 1914, the annual rate by which the Western empires acquired territory has risen to an astonishing 247,000 square miles per year. And Europe held a grand total of roughly eighty-five percent of the earth as colonies, protectorates, dependencies, dominions and Commonwealth †¦ No other associated set of colonies in history were as large, none so totally dominated, none so unequal in power to the Western metropolis†¦ The scale of British colonialism in 1897 is visible in Map 1, marked in pink. Map 1. The British Empire Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire Map 2 shows all territories ruled by the British Empire (1762-1984) and England (1066-1707) – Ireland and Australia are coloured orange to signify that they were ‘Dominions’ of the British Empire. Map 2. All territories ruled by England and the British Empire Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire Post-Colonialism and Said’s ‘Orientalism’ One of the most influential texts on post-colonialism discourse is undoubtedly Edward Said’s book Orientalism, originally published in 1978. ‘Orientalism’ is, in essence, the ‘study of Near and Far Eastern societies and cultures by Westerners’ (Wikipedia, 2006c). Since the publication of Said’s book, the term became (rightly) laden with negative connotations; Said’s book was at heart a critique of Orientalism as â€Å"fundamentally a political doctrine that willed over the Orient because the Orient was weaker than the West, which elided the Orient’s difference with its weakness†¦As a cultural apparatus Orientalism is all aggression, activity, judgment, will-to-truth, and knowledge†. The book serves as the basis for one of the primary dichotomies in the study of human geography: ‘us’ and ‘other’ (or the ‘Orient’/‘Occident’ distinction). Similarities between Australia and Ireland It is in this context that we can identify the primary similarity between the historical geographies of Ireland and Australia. If within this context we are meant to define the ‘colonisers’ as ‘us’ (i.e., those involved in Western geographical discourse) and the ‘colonised’ as ‘them’ or ‘other’, we reach a crucial problematic area with regards to the two nations at hand. Ireland and Australia are both nations left out of the post-colonial dialogue even though they are undeniably post-colonial. However, discussing these two nations within the dialogue of post-colonialism would ignore the fact that they are both relatively wealthy nations, members of the First World, with few similarities to the nations that are generally being discussed within the sphere. Yet, within the framework of ‘other’, they do share many similarities mainly because they are both peripheral from a Euro-centric viewpoint (Litvack, 2006: 2) – though this, economically at least, is increasingly untrue concerning Ireland. Macintyre (1999: 24) writes with regard to Australia: The Orient came to stand for a whole way of life that was inferior to that of the West: indolent, irrational, despotic, and decayed. Such typification of the alien and other, which the critic Edward Said characterizes as Orientalism, had a peculiar meaning in colonial Australia where geography contradicted history. Fascination and fear mingled in the colonists’ apprehension of the zone that lay between them and the metropole. As a British dependency, Australia adopted the terminology that referred to the Near, Middle and Far East until, under threat of Japanese invasion in 1940, its prime minister suddenly recognized that â€Å"What Great Britain call the Far East is to us the Near North†. Slemon has argued for a discussion within post-colonial discourse of a â€Å"Second World† to accommodate those nations that cannot place themselves â€Å"neatly on one side or the other of the ‘colonizer/colonized’ binary† (Kroeker, 2001: 11). After all, both nations could be considered not just ‘victim’ but also ‘accomplice’ and ‘beneficiary’ of colonialism (Litvack, 2006). Slemon’s idea is helpful in creating an alternative for the â€Å"difficult examples of post-colonial, white, settler cultures† like that of Australia, New Zealand and Canada. Though Ireland is different, one could easily argue that the ‘Second World’ is a better fit than the ‘Third’. In short, Ireland and Australia’s position in between these two very separate worlds of ‘colonizer’ and ‘colonized’ is an underlying similarity in their historical geographies of colonialism. Differences between Australia and Ireland There is an important discrepancy within the context of ‘Orientalism’ between Australia and Ireland. Abiding by the rules of historical geography, just as humans make their cultures and ethnic identities we also make our own histories. More often than not, memory is matched to history but as Collingwood (1970 in McCarthy, no date: 13) states â€Å"memory is not history, because history is a certain kind of organized or inferential knowledge, and memory is not organized, not inferential at all†. Though undoubtedly ‘memory’ impinges on Irish history the same as any other, Irish history at least seems to have some type of consensus. On the other hand, there are two distinct versions of Australian history: one that begins when the British landed in Botany Bay in 1788, and one that begins at least 40,000 (and possibly 120,000) years before that. Conventional Australian history to this day remains the version that begins with the arrival of the British â₠¬â€œ as the old African proverb goes: only when lions have historians will the hunters cease to be heroes. Key to the differences between Australia and Ireland in this context are issues of ‘domination’ and ‘race’. The underlying argument here is that whilst the Irish were undoubtedly oppressed by British rule, it was a fundamentally different kind of oppression than that faced by Australia’s Aboriginals. The domination and repression of the Irish during British colonial rule was done in the context of engagement. The ‘native’ Irish were certainly disadvantaged by the British, and this was a typical feature of colonialism – Meinig has long drawn attention, within his geographical analysis of imperial expansion, to the employment of supreme political authority by the invaders over the invaded (Meinig, 1989). The relationship between the British and the Irish fits very neatly into Meinig’s theories of subjugation. One of his arguments is that the goal of imperial expansion was to extract wealth and in doing so to forge new economic relationships to reach these ends. The political authority of the British (invaders) over the Irish (invaded) is illustrated by the manipulation of ethnic and religious identities that occurred â€Å"in order to keep the subject population from uniting against the occupying power† (Wikipedia, 2006a). Economic exploitation und er British rule had an â€Å"ethnic (and latently nationalist) dimension because it was expressed through religious discrimination† (Komito, 1985: 3). The legacy of this ‘divide and rule’ strategy (as well as the link between religion and nationalism) remains in Ireland today. The Great Irish Famine remains, to this day, â€Å"the defining moment in Irish†¦history† (Kenny, 2001). Between 1840 and 1850, the Irish population was reduced from 8.2 million to 4.1 million – including out-migration as well as deaths from starvation (Guinnane, 1998). Irish land was by and large owned by English landlords and worked by Irish tenants; at the time of the famine, these peasants had to choose between paying the rent for the land with their other crops (and possibly starving), or eating their rent and being liable to eviction. The British government first ignored the famine and when relief effort was made it was erratic and unreliable. â€Å"Many had died from starvation; those who emigrated, and those who survived in Ireland, remembered the inadequate and uncaring response of Britain. More than any other single event in history, the Famine came to epitomize, for many Irish people, the quintessential example of British attitudes to its neighbour† (Komito, 2006: 3). On the other hand, the policy of the British towards the Aboriginals in Australia was not one of subjugation but extermination. Whereas most of the Irish in Ireland (as well as the estimated 80 million Irish that live abroad) proudly claim Celtic ancestry, the natives in Australia suffered a dramatic decline with European settlement, brought on by the â€Å"impact of new diseases, repressive and often brutal treatment, dispossession, and social and cultural disruption and disintegration† (Year Book Australia, 1994). Conservative estimates of the Aboriginal population pre-1788 place the figure at somewhere around 300,000, though many anthropologists now believe there were probably closer to one million Aboriginals in 1788. Data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics reveals that in 1966 (approaching the ‘bicentennial’ of the ‘founding’ of Australia that was so widely – and rightly – protested by the Aboriginal population) there were onl y 80,207 ‘indigenous’ members of the population. Even if one assumes (or accepts) a figure of zero population growth, this figure is still only about 26 percent of the original population. Whilst the Aboriginal population continued to expand at the end of the 20th century – an ‘estimated resident Indigenous population’ of 469,000 is projected for this year – it is clear to see that it came close to being exterminated. This increasing number of indigenous people still represents only about 2.4 percent of the total Australian population (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006). And so comes the issue of race. Much of Said’s work, for example, deals with the ‘white’ man’s oppression of the ‘brown’. Whereas the Irish were certainly subjugated, they were viewed simply as inferior. The Aboriginals, in contrast, were viewed as subhuman, â€Å"and as animals they possessed no rights, nor any claim to morality† (Pilger, 1989: 27). Australia, here, seems to have more in common with the ‘Dark Continent’ than with any imperialism within Europe. Some colonial nations, often referred to as ‘settler countries’, had the same attitude towards the natives as that in Australia. In Canada, New Zealand, and even Latin American settler countries’ Argentina and Uruguay, little effort was made by the colonist to maintain the existing order, to establish commercial (or other) relations with the inhabitants, or even to recruit them as labour. Instead of involving themselves with the native populations, these lands were simply cleared and settled as â€Å"fresh field of European endeavour† (Macintyre, 1999: 20). Again, this is not to argue that the Irish were not oppressed during English dominion but simply to state that they were at least acknowledged in a way that the Aboriginals were not. One might even venture to argue that the treatment of the Aboriginals in Australia was so horrific that it has led to their virtual writing out of traditional Australian memory and consequently history. In The Fatal Shore, Robert Hughes’ describes what he calls ‘a national pact of silence (Pilger, 1989) over the Aboriginal issue. There is no topic more sensitive in Australia than that of the Aboriginals. This aspect of the British colonial legacy has certainly constructed a version of history that, as many Australians say, is â€Å"missing something† (Pilger, 1989). Burgmann and Lee make clear at the beginning of their book, A People’s History of Australia, th at their aim is ‘not merely to compensate for past neglect, but to assert that we can only understand Australia’s history by analysing the lives of the oppressed’ (in Pilger, 1989: 3). After all, â€Å"a nation founded on bloodshed and suffering of others eventually must make peace with that one historical truth† (Pilger, 1989: 3). In short, the history of the colonizer and the colonized in Australia and Ireland is enormously different. Australia has, for the last few decades, seemingly been coming to terms with their national past and incorporating the near total-destruction of Aboriginal life and culture into their accepted version of history. Ireland, of course, maintains a history as ‘constructed’ as any other nation’s – theirs, unlike that of the Australians, does not seem to be ‘silencing’ any important truths. The notion of ‘discovery’ In the early nineteenth century, the primary aims and concerns of Geography were: to collect and publish new facts and discoveries, to develop instruments of use to travellers, and to accumulate geographical texts, in particular maps. Geography was, in many ways, an instrument of the empire, an impression that is illustrated well by the number of military men that were members of the Royal Geographic Society in the early nineteenth century. Topography and mapping by and large went hand in hand with notions of colonialism and expansion. Wood wrote that maps ‘work’ because they â€Å"give us reality, a reality that exceeds our vision, our reach, the span of our days, a reality we achieve no other way† (1993: 4-5). In short, maps â€Å"manage to pass off for evident truth what is hard won, culturally acquired knowledge about the world we inhabit; a reality unverifiable by the naked eye† (Klein, 1998: 1). This section will argue that early colonial maps of both Ireland and Australia used cartography to meet their colonial desires. The key difference was that early maps of Australia displayed a land ‘unconquered’ and ‘uninhabited’ whereas colonial maps of Ireland represented a land very much ‘conquered’. Early maps of colonial Australia and Ireland also illustrate another key difference: the British believed they had discovered Australia, whilst they never assumed to have discovered the Emerald Isle. In reality, they had not ‘discovered’ Australia either – â€Å"the very fact that Cook discovered Australia strikes many today as false as the British claim to sovereignty over it† (Macintyre, 1999: 25). After all, â€Å"how can you find something that is already known?† (Macintyre, 1999: 25). The conception of ‘unconquered’ and ‘vacant’ land figures very prominently in the geography of discovery and colonialism. The sheer size of Australia allowed its settlers to believe they had found a previously unconquered, uninhabited landmass. Clearly, there is an element of sheer size. The Australian continent has an astronomical area of 7,682,300 square kilometres, compared to Ireland’s 70,300. Early maps of Australia often displ ay an indeterminate continent, and â€Å"decorated it with lush vegetation and barbarous splendour† (Macintyre, 1999: 25). Other maps often neglected the south coast entirely, and left a vacant (or unexplored and therefore non-existent?) centre, as seen in Map 3, which is believed to date from the 1800s. Part and parcel of colonial imagination has been to make out no territorial limits in its desire for the unknown and the unconquered. Map 3. Early Map of Australia Source: MSN Encarta. Map 4. Early Map of Australia Source: http://www.chr.org.au/earlymapsofaustralia/Images/Map%20before%20captain%20cook%201753%20Jacques%20Nicolas.jpg Map 4 further emphasizes the unconquered aspect – by leaving great tracts of the continent blank on maps it was easier to believe that those very tracts were untouched and uninhabited. The vast emptiness of early Australian maps can also be viewed as a reactionary defensive mechanism. Numerically, the colonizers in Australia were (initially) a minority. In colonial theory in general, this was problematic because minorities were established as ‘outsiders’ in society. It was doubly problematic in Australia because of its role as the ‘dumping-ground for convicts’ (Macintyre, 1999: 18) in its early English settlement. To conceptualise and construct a large vacant space allowed for the idea of an uninhabited continent to flourish, and allowed the early colonizers to reject the idea of being a minority. In contrast, early maps of Ireland try to conceptualise a country that is controlled and conquered. In a study of the English construction of Irish space in a series of Elizabethan and Jacobean maps, Klein (1998: 4) found that most â€Å"do little to hide their involvement in the colonial politics of their historical moment. In gradually redefining the ‘savage’ Irish wasteland as a territorial extension of the national sphere, they are quite openly engaged in negotiating the political accommodation of Irish cultural difference into a British framework†. Baptista Boazio’s Irlande (Map 5) is believed to be the first map of Ireland, dating from 1559. Today, this map does not meet with much approval – â€Å"the lavish ornamental flourish, the purely fictional character of some of the map’s topographical details and †¦ the extravagant use of colour are all features that suggest that precise geographical information was not the map’s principal objective† (Klein, 1998: 15). Map 5. Boazio’s Irlande Source: Klein, 1998. The Kingdome of Ireland (Map 6) was the standard representation of Ireland for the first half of the 17th century. This map portrays a â€Å"neat and perfectly controlled area; a peaceful and quiet expanse†. The â€Å"pictorial surface of the map achieves both homogeneity and balance, suggesting a spatial harmony devoid of conflict† (Klein, 1998: 17). Moreover, the ‘wild men and women’ of Ireland depicted on the map seem to register a cartographic â€Å"transfer of political authority in Ireland from native Irish to English colonizers† (Klein, 1998: 17). Map 6. Speed’s Kingdome of Ireland Source: Klein, 1998. In short, early maps of Ireland and Australia made great attempts to represent (and reaffirm) colonial ‘truths’. As Klein (1998: 1) states, â€Å"it should be noted that some eyes are as blind as others are observant, and contemporaries also recognized that the abstraction of geometric scale may quietly conceal rather than openly disclose geographical information†. Representation of these two nations were different in that Australia was represented as unconquered and ready for the taking, whereas Ireland was represented very much as ‘conquered’. This had to do with both the differences in size of the two nations at hand, as well as with their proximity to England. Conclusion This essay has attempted to analyse the historical geographies of colonialism in Australia and Ireland. It has shown that though the two nations share some overriding similarities (many simply attributed to being post-colonial), there are also a multitude of differences in their historical geographies. The comparison was made in two basic contexts. First, the analysis was made within Said’s Orientalism. It argued that both Ireland and Australia were stuck between the binary of ‘us’ and ‘other’, between the First and Third Worlds. However, it argued that due to a variety of factors including, but not limited to, race, proximity, and area, their experience of ‘Orientalism’ was fundamentally different. The second sections analysed the representation of colonialism in early maps of Australia and Ireland. Here the countries again displayed significant difference: Australia was depicted as a land waiting to be conquered, and Ireland as ‘neat’ and ‘controlled’. A further general note can be made in that this essay demonstrated the power of memory and history on geography, and vice versa. Having analysed the historical geographies of Australia and Ireland, one would certainly agree that geography and history are â€Å"analogous and interdependent fields†. Works Cited Australian Bureau of Statistics (2004) Yearbook Australia: Population – Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Population, available from: www.abs.gov.au Guelke, L. (1997) ‘The Relations Between Geography and History Reconsidered’, History and Theory, 36 (2), pp. 191-234. Hughes, R. (1986) The Fatal Shore: The epic of Australia’s founding, New York: Vintage Books. Klein, B. (1998) ‘Partial Views: Shakespeare and the Map of Ireland’, Early Modern Literary Studies, Special Issue 3, 1-20. Kroeker, A. â€Å"Separation from the World: Post-colonial aspects of Mennonite/s wiring in Western Canada†, Winnipeg, Manitoba: University of Manitoba. Litvack, L. (2006) Theories of Post-Coloniality: Edward W. Said and W.B. Yeats, available from: www.qub.ac.uk/en/imperial/ireland/saidyeat.htm Macintyre, S. (1999) A Concise History of Australia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. McCarthy, M. (no date) ‘Historico-Geographical Explorations of Ireland’s Heritages: Toward a Critical Understanding of the Nature of Memory and Identity’, available from: http://www.ashgate.com/subject_area/downloads/sample_chapters/IrelandsHeritagesCh1.pdf McCarthy, M. (2003), ‘Historical geographies of a colonized world: the renegotiation of New English colonialism in early modern urban Ireland, c. 1600-10, Irish Geography, 36(1), 59-76. Meinig, D. W. (1982) ‘Geographical analysis of imperial expansion’, in Baker, A. R. H. and Billinge, M. (eds.) Period and place: Research methods in historical geography, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Meinig, D. W. (1989) ‘The Historical Geography of Imperative’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 79, 79-87. Pilger, J. (1989) A Secret Country, Sydney: Random House. Said, E. (1979) Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books. Said, E. (1993) Culture and Imperialism, lecture given at York University, Toronto, Canada, 10 February 1993. Wikipedia (2006a) British Empire, available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire Wikipedia (2006b) Geography, available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography Wikipedia (2006c) Orientalism, available from: http://en.wikipedia/org/wiki/Orientalism Wood, D. (1993) The Power of Maps, London: Routledge

Sweat :: essays research papers

Sweat It is easy to see why a person would find "Sweat" an offensive story. Many who read this story will find that the style in which it is written to be degrading to the African American race. However, this assumption has little backing. Zora Hurston is clearly relaying a story that tells of her time. To say "Sweat" is stereotypical is to deny the fact that this is the way things were at one time. For a person to acknowledge the way things were is to merely recall history. Why should a race be ashamed of their history? They would better their own values by taking this story for what it is worth. Not only does it tell of their ancestors way of life, but it shows how things have changed for the better. If one could not write stories about their experiences in the past the public would be unknowing of its culture and heritage. Hurston even used reference to Jewish people in this story. They also were slaves and were faced with over four hundred years of hardships and inequalities. It has not been known for the people of the Jewish faith to be insulted by the Bible which tells their stories. In fact, they use it as a way of life. It serves as a learning tool that proved how strong they were and how much suffering they had to endure. When they are faced with problems they relate back to stories, just as this, to find that strength once again. Mrs. Hurston, being a African American herself, should have the right to tell a story of her heritage without being persecuted. The fact that that is how African Americans spoke during that time should not be cause for embarrassment. It is just a fact of how things were. When relating a story from a certain time period, it should be written in the dialect used at that time. The people who find this story demeaning are obviously choosing to not believe this is how things were. If you change the facts, you change the history. People of all nationalities have parts of their heritage that they would rather not admit to, but a mistake made should be noted and then changed if possible. It should not be forgotten due to its unpleasantness. The more African Americans are ignored for their differences, the more they have to set themselves apart from the "typical" white American. For example, black people were given equal rights and equal opportunities in the working world with affirmative action. These things were obtained through the request